were exhausted by a long march。〃
Cao Cao even desired to put them to death as a warning； but their fellow officers interceded； and he spared them。 Soon Cao Cao himself marched in the van。 Then he saw the dangerous and evil nature of the place； with its thick growth of trees。 As he knew nothing of the roads and was fearful of an ambush； he returned to his camp。
Calling up his two leaders； Xu Chu and Xu Huang； he said； 〃Had I known the dangerous nature of the place； I would never have e。〃
Xu Chu replied； 〃The soldiers are here now； my lord； and you cannot recoil before the hardships。〃
Next day Cao Cao with only Xu Chu and Xu Huang rode out to reconnoiter the enemy's camp。
As they rode over the hills； Cao Cao pointed out the position with his whip and said； 〃It will be very difficult to reduce a place as strong as this。〃
Just then there arose a shout in their rear； and a shower of arrows fell about them。 Yang Ang and Yan Ren were attacking； and the danger became great。
〃Friend Xu Huang； you look after our lord！〃 cried Xu Chu。 〃I can hold the enemy。〃
Xu Chu galloped out； and the two leaders could not stand Xu Chu and took to flight； while their troops scattered。 In the meantime Xu Huang led his master over the hills。 Soon he met an army of soldiers led by Xiahou Yuan and Zhang He； who had heard the sound of fighting and had e to the rescue； and Cao Cao got back safely to camp。 The four generals were rewarded。
For fifty days the two armies held each other at bay without ing to a fight。 At the end of this time； orders were given to retire in the camp of Cao Cao。
〃We have not tried the strength of the enemy；〃 said Jia Xu。 〃You should not retire； my lord。〃
〃I see that they are always on the alert；〃 said Cao Cao。 〃I am only retiring to put them off their guard。 By and by I will send some light horse to attack their rear。 I shall defeat them then。〃
〃Ah！ Your skill is unfathomable！〃 cried Jia Xu。
Three thousand horsemen led by Xiahou Yuan and Zhang He got round behind the Yangping Pass by unfrequented roads； while Cao Cao broke up his camp and led his main body backward。
When Yang Ang heard of the retreat； he thought it would be a good chance to attack。
But Yan Ren opposed it； saying； 〃Cao Cao is full of ruses。 The occasion is unclear。 We should not lead an attack。〃
Yang Ang was willful and said； 〃I shall go。 You may e or not； as you wish。〃
In spite of the protestations of his colleague； Yang Ang marched； taking with him the soldiers of five camps and leaving only a few defenders。 The day he set out was very foggy； so that one could hardly see his neighbor's face； and soon the force got into difficulties and could not advance。 They bivouacked on the road。
Now； Xiahou Yuan was out with a reconnoitering force behind the hills when they heard the voices of troops and the neighing of horses。 In the dense fog they could see nothing； but fearing an ambush； they hastened to retire。 Somehow they lost their way and presently stumbled on the deserted camp of Yang Ang。 The few defenders thought their rades had returned； so they threw open the gates to let the troops of Cao Cao in。 They found an empty camp； and they raised a great blaze； which frightened those few defenders in the other camps so that they fled。
As soon as the fog cleared； Yan Ren came to the rescue。 But as Yan Ren and Xiahou Yuan were fighting； Zhang He suddenly appeared and attacked from the rear。 Between two armies； Yan Ren forced his way through and quickly fled toward Nanzheng。
By and by； when Yang Ang returned； he found his camp in the possession of Cao Cao's troops。 Soon Cao Cao's main army came up； and Yang Ang was between two forces。 There seemed no other way but to make a dash for it。 Falling in with Zhang He； the two engaged； and Yang Ang fell。 Those who escaped carried the news of the disaster to Zhang Wei； who abandoned Yangping Pass and fled。
So the invaders took possession of the Pass； and its late defenders； Zhang Wei and Yan Ren； had to go back and report failure。
Zhang Wei laid the blame on his generals； saying； 〃The Pass could not be held after its supporting positions had been lost。〃
Zhang Lu threatened to behead Yan Ren for his failure。
But Yan Ren said； 〃Yang Ang did not listen to my advice； and the defeat followed。 Now I volunteer to make another attack。 If I fail to take Cao Cao's head； I will abide by the consequences without protest。〃
Zhang Lu took his formal pledge to succeed； gave him twenty thousand troops； and sent him away。 Yan Ren marched to Nanzheng and made a stockade。
Before Cao Cao made any further advance； he sent Xiahou Yuan； with five thousand troops； to reconnoiter the road； and they fell in with the force led by Yan Ren。 Both sides drew up their battle array。 From Yan Ren's side went out one general named Chang Qi to engage Xiahou Yuan。 Before the fourth bout was fought； Xiahou Yuan disposed of Chang Qi。 Then Yan Ren set his spear and rode to the front。 They two fought near forty bouts and neither could claim victory。 Then Xiahou Yuan pretended defeat and fled。 The other rushed in pursuit。 The fugitive suddenly employed the 〃swinging…horse stab〃 and killed his pursuer。 Yan Ren's troops ran away。
As soon as Cao Cao knew of the death of Yan Ren； he brought up his army； marched straightway to Nanzheng and camped。
Zhang Lu became alarmed and called a council。
〃I can propose a man able to stand against the best leader of the enemy；〃 said Yan Pu。
〃Who is he？〃 asked Zhang Lu。
〃Pang De of Nanan。 Pang De surrendered at the same time as Ma Chao； but could not go with Ma Chao into Yizhou as he was ill。 You have treated him generously。 He will save you。〃
Pang De was summoned。 He came； and Zhang Lu loaded him with gifts and gave him a force of ten thousand troops； with which he marched and camped three miles from the city； near the besieging force。 His camp made； Pang De rode out and challenged。
Now Cao Cao； remembering Pang De's boldness at the battle of River Wei Bridge； was desirous of winning the warrior for himself。
So Cao Cao told his generals； saying； 〃Pang De is a bold general of Xiliang formerly serving under Ma Chao。 Though he is now under Zhang Lu； that is not his real wish。 I want to win him over。 So you should try to weary him by prolonging the fights； and so make him captive。〃
Wherefore first rode out Zhang He to answer the challenger。 He fought a few bouts and returned。 Then Xiahou Yuan did the same thing。 So did Xu Huang。 Lastly went Xu Chu； who kept up the fight to half a hundred bouts before he retired。 Still Pang De showed no signs of fatigue nor of fear； and all those who had fought with him praised his prowess and skill。
〃If only I could win him over to my side！〃 said Cao Cao longingly。
Said Jia Xu； 〃I know one of Zhang Lu's subordinates； Yang Song。 He is avaricious and open to bribes。 You might send him secret presents and get him to slander Pang De to his master so as to weaken Pang De's position。〃
〃But how can one get at this man？ He is in Nanzheng。〃
〃In the next battle； pretend defeat； flee； and let Pang De take possession of this camp。 Return in the night in force and drive him out； and he must retreat into the city。 Let one of our own people with a persuasive tongue mingle with his troops； disguised as one of his soldiers； and so gain entrance into the city。〃
A subtle agent was found； and goodly gifts were his in advance； and he was entrusted with a golden breastplate as a bribe。 He put it on and over it put on the dress of an ordinary soldier of Hanzhong。 And he made his way quietly to a point on the road along which the soldiers of Hanzhong would retreat into the city。 There he waited。
Next day； two parties under Xiahou Yuan and Zhang He were sent to lie in ambush； and Xu Huang was sent to challenge； but with orders to be defeated。 The scheme went well； and as Pang De came on to smite； Cao Cao's army retired before Pang De till he found himself at their very camp。 And therein he entered and was exceedingly pleased to find fodder and forage in great quantities。
Having sent off a messenger to his chief； Pang De spread a feast in celebration of the victory； and when night came on they slept。 But about the second watch there was an alarm from three directions； and the camp was threatened by three forces： Xu Chu and Xu Huang attacking in the center； Zhang He from the left； and Xiahou Yuan from the right。 It was the night attack arranged by Cao Cao； and Pang De could not make any defense。 He got to horse； cut his way through； and made for the city。 With the attackers in close pursuit； Pang De reached the gate； got it opened； and rushed in。
And the false soldier got in amid the confusion。 He made his way quickly to Yang Song's residence and saw him。
He told Yang Song； saying； 〃The Great Prime Minister； Duke of Wei； knows you by reputation and holds you in great esteem。 And as a token thereof he has sent you his golden breastplate and a confidential letter as well。〃
Yang Song took it all in； read the letter； and said； 〃I will reply by and by； and the Duke of Wei needs feel no anxiety for I shall find a means of proving my gratitude。 You may return。〃
Soon after； Yang Song went to see Zhang Lu and told him； saying； 〃Pang De has been defeated because he has been bribed by Cao Cao。〃
Forthwith Zhang Lu summoned his general； abused him； and threatened to put him to death。 Yan Pu； however； protested and proposed to test Pang De in another encounter。
Zhang Lu then said； 〃Tomorrow； if you lose； I will take your head！〃
Pang De retired full of resentment。
The next day Cao Cao attacked； and Pang De went out to repel him。 Cao Cao sent out Xu Chu； but bade him pretend defeat。 When Pang De pursued； Cao Cao rode toward the hills； where he halted and presently got speech with Pang De。
Cao Cao called out； 〃Pang De！ Why not surrender？〃
But Pang De thought within himself that to capture Cao Cao would be a fine exploit； so he boldly faced his escort and rode up the hills。 But there arose a great shouting as if heaven and earth were clashing together； and he and his followers went headlong into ditches and pits that had been dug。 Out flew Cao Cao's troops with ropes and hooks； and Pang De was a prisoner。
When he was taken to Cao Cao； he was received with the greatest kindness。 Cao Cao himself dismounted； loosed the captive's bonds； and asked him； 〃Do you surrender？〃
Pang De thought of the ill…treatment he had just received at the hands of his master and of his injustice； and gave in。 At once Pang De was helped to mount a horse by Cao Cao himself and led to the great camp。
Soldiers placed for the purpose on the city wall saw what happened and reported to Zhang Lu： 〃Pang De has ridden off on friendly terms with Cao Cao。〃
Whereby Zhang Lu was persuaded that Yang Song had spoken truly。
Soon after； scaling ladders were set against the city walls； and catapults threw in great stones。
The danger being imminent； Zhang Wei counseled； saying； 〃Set all supplies on fire and flight to the Southern Mountains； where we might be able to defend Bazhong。〃
On the other hand； Yang Song said； 〃The best course is to throw open the gates and surrender。〃
Zhang Lu could not decide which to do。 His brother； Zhang Wei； maintained that burning everything and flight was the only course。
Zhang Lu said； 〃I have been always loyal at heart and desir