f the enemy； fifty thousand under General Chang Diao； with the aid of Zhuge Qian and Wang Shuang； had made a dash for Ruxu； so he hastened back and found the officers were in great fear。
Drawing his sword； he made a speech； 〃Success depends upon the leader rather than on the number of soldiers。 The Art of War says that the value of one soldier who inhabits the place equals that of two soldiers who e from afar； and those who are hosts； however in small number； can overe those who are guests。 Now the enemy is weary from a long march； and I and you； my men； can hold this place together。 We have the Great River to defend us on the south； and we are backed by the mountains on the north。 Success should be ours easily； and we are as hosts at home awaiting the arrival of our weary visitors。 This will give us victory in every fight。 Even if Cao Pi es； we need feel no anxiety。 How much less care we for Cao Ren and his troops？〃
Zhu Huan he issued orders to furl all the banners and to silence all the drums as if the city was empty of defenders。
In time； Chang Diao and his veterans of the van came to the city。 Not a person was visible； and he hastened forward with all speed。 But as he neared the city； suddenly a bomb went off。 Immediately up rose a forest of flags； and out dashed Zhu Huan with his sword drawn。 And he made for Chang Diao。 In the third encounter Zhu Huan cut down Chang Diao； and the troops of Wu； rushing to the attack； thoroughly routed the invaders； slaying innumerable soldiers。 Beside scoring a plete victory； Zhu Huan took much spoil of flags and weapons and horses。
Cao Ren himself； ing up later； was attacked by the troops from Xianxi and was also routed。 He fled home to his master with the news of defeat and destruction。
And before the Ruler of Wei could decide what course to take in regard to this loss； the news came of the defeat of his another army： 〃Cao Zhen and Xiahou Shang were besieging Nanjun when Zhuge Jin from within and Lu Xun from without attacked in concert。 The two generals suffered a great loss。〃
Immediately； another report came： 〃Cao Xiu has been defeated by Lu Fan at Dongkou。〃
So all three armies had failed and were lost。
Cao Pi sighed and said sadly； 〃This has e from my willfulness and neglect of the advice of Jia Xu and Liu Ye。〃
The summer of that year was very unhealthy； and a pestilence swept away the soldiers more than half the number。 So they were marched home to Capital Luoyang。 The two countries were at enmity though they were not fighting。
Meanwhile the First Ruler was failing。 He remained in his Palace of Eternal Peace at Baidicheng and presently was confined to his couch。 Gradually he became worse； and in the fourth moon of the third year of Manifest Might （AD 222） his condition became serious。 He himself felt the end was near； and he was depressed and wept for his two lost brothers till the sight of his eyes suffered。 He was morose and ill…tempered： He could not bear any of his court near him； drove away his servants and lay upon his couch sad and solitary。
One evening as thus he lay； a sudden gust of wind came into the chamber； almost extinguishing the candles。 As they burned bright again； he saw two men standing in the shade behind them。
〃I told you I was worried；〃 said the First Ruler； 〃and bade you leave me。 Why have you e back？ Go！〃
But they remained and did not go。 Wherefore the First Ruler rose and went over to look at them。 As he drew near he saw one was Guan Yu and the other Zhang Fei。
〃Are you still alive； then； brothers？〃 said he。
〃We are not men； we are shades；〃 said Guan Yu。 〃The Supreme One has conferred spirithood upon us in consideration of our faithfulness throughout life； and ere long； brother； we three shall be together again。〃
The First Ruler clutched at the figures and burst into tears； then he awoke。 The two figures were no longer there。 He called in his people and asked the hour。 They told him the third watch。
〃I am not much longer for this world；〃 said he with a sigh。
Messengers were sent to Capital Chengdu to summon the Prime Minister and other high officers of state to receive the Emperor's last instructions。 They came； Zhuge Liang bringing the two younger sons； Prince of Lu Liu Yung and Prince of Liang Liu Li。 The eldest； the heir…apparent； was left in charge of the capital。
Zhuge Liang saw at once that his master was very ill。 He bowed to the ground at the foot of the Dragon Couch。
The dying Emperor bade him e near and sit beside him； and he patted his Minister on the back； saying； 〃The attainment of emperorship was your work。 Little thought you that I should prove so stupid as not to follow your advice and so bring about the late disasters。 But I am deeply sorry； and now I shall not live long。 My heir is a degenerate； but I must leave him to do the best he can with the great inheritance。〃
And the tears flowed in streams。
〃I trust Your Majesty will fulfill the hopes of the people by a speedy recovery；〃 said Zhuge Liang； also in tears。
Turning his head； the First Ruler saw Ma Su； Ma Liang's brother； at the bedside。 He bade him retire。
When Ma Su had left the chamber； the First Ruler said； 〃Do you think Ma Su is clever？〃
〃He is one of the ablest people in the empire；〃 said Zhuge Liang。
〃I do not think so。 I think his words exceed his deeds。 Do not make much use of him。 Watch him carefully。〃
Having said this； he bade them summon the high officers of state to the chamber。 Taking paper and pen； the First Ruler wrote his testament。
He handed it to the Prime Minister with a sigh and said； 〃I am no great scholar； and I only know the rough outlines of what should be known。 But the Teacher has said： 'A bird's song is sad when death is near； and a dying person's words are good。' I was waiting that we might aid each other in the destruction of the Caos and the restoration of the Hans； but ere the work is plete I am called away； and this last mand of mine I confide to you as Prime Minister to be handed to my son and heir； Liu Shan。 My words are to be taken seriously。 I trust that you will instruct and guide my son。〃
Zhuge Liang and all those present wept and prostrated themselves； saying； 〃We pray Your Majesty repose yourself。 We will do our utmost whereby to prove our gratitude for the kindness we have received。〃
At the First Ruler's mand the attendants raised Zhuge Liang from the earth。 With one hand the dying man brushed away the falling tears； while with the other he grasped Zhuge Liang's hand。
And he said； 〃The end is near。 I have something more to say as to a close general。〃
〃What holy mand has Your Majesty to give？〃 said Zhuge Liang。
The First Ruler said； 〃You are many times more clever than Cao Pi； and you must safeguard the kingdom and plete the great work。 If my son can be helped； help him。 But if he proves a fool； then take the throne yourself and be a ruler。〃
Such a speech almost startled Zhuge Liang out of his senses。 A cold sweat broke out all over his body； and his limbs threatened to cease to support him。
He fell on his knees； saying； 〃I could never do otherwise than wear myself to the bone in the service of your son； whom I will serve till death。〃
He knocked his head upon the ground till blood ran down。
The dying man called Zhuge Liang closer； and at the same time making his two sons e near； he said to them； 〃My sons； remember your father's words。 After my death you are to treat the Prime Minister as you would your father and be not remiss； for thereby you will fulfill your father's hopes。〃
He made the two Princes pay to Zhuge Liang the obeisance due to a father。
Said Zhuge Liang； 〃Were I destroyed and ground into the earth； I should be unable to repay the kindness I have experienced。〃
Turning to the assembled officers； the First Ruler said； 〃As you have seen； I have confided my orphan son to the care of the Prime Minister and bidden my sons treat him as a father。 You too； Sirs； are to treat him with deference。 This is my dying request and charge to you。〃
Turning to Zhao Yun； he said； 〃You and I have gone together through many dangers and difficulties。 Now es the parting of our ways。 You will not forget our old friendship； and you must see to it that my sons follow my precepts。〃
〃I shall never dare to give other than my best；〃 said Zhao Yun。 〃The fidelity of the dog and horse is mine to give and shall be theirs。〃
Then the First Ruler turned to the others； 〃Noble Sirs； I am unable to speak to you one by one and lay a charge upon each individual。 But I say to you： Maintain your self…respect。〃
These were his last words。 He was sixty…three； and he died on the twenty…fourth day of the fourth month （AD 222）。 A poem was written by Du Fu on his death：
The Emperor set out to destroy the land that lay through the Three Gorges；
Failed he and breathed his last in the Palace of Eternal Peace；
The Palace fair of his thoughts lay not this side the highlands。
Beautiful chambers are vainly sought in his rural temple；
Now are the pines near his shrine nesting places for herons；
Through the courts aged peasants saunter； enjoying their leisure；
Nearby often is found a shrine to this famous strategist；
Prince and minister's needs are now but offerings in season。
Thus died the First Ruler。 All present lifted up their voices and wept。
The Prime Minister led the procession that escorted the coffin to the capital； and the heir； Liu Shan； came to the outskirts of the city； as a dutiful son should； to receive the remains with due respect。 The coffin was laid in the Great Hall of the Palace； wherein they lamented and performed the ceremonies appointed。 At the end of these the testament was opened and read：
〃I first fell ill from a simple ailment。 Other disorders followed； and it became evident that I should not recover。
〃They say that death at fifty cannot be called premature。 As I have passed sixty； I may not resent the call。 But when I think of you and your brothers； I regret。 Now I say to you； strive and strive again。 Do not do evil because it is a small evil； do not leave undone a small good because it is a small good。 Only with wisdom and virtue people can be won。 But your father's virtue was but slender； and do not imitate。
〃After my death you are to conduct the affairs of the state with the Prime Minister。 You are to treat him as a father and serve him without remissness。 You and your brothers are to seek instructions。 This is my final and simple mand。〃
When the officials had read this； Zhuge Liang said； 〃The state cannot go a single day without a ruler； wherefore I beg you to install the heir as successor to the great line of Han。〃
Thereupon the ceremony was performed； and the new Emperor took his place。 The style of the reign was changed to 〃Beginning Prosperity〃。 Zhuge Liang was made Lord of Wuxiang and Imperial Protector of Yizhou。
Then they buried the late Emperor at Huiling with the posthumous style of Liu Bei the Glorious Emperor。
The Empress； of the Wu family； was formally created Empress Dowager。 The late Consort Gan became the Glorious Empress； and the Lady Mi was granted similar； also posthumous； rank。 There were promotions in rank and rewards for all； and a general amnesty was proclaimed。
Before long； knowledge of these things came to the Middle Land； and a report was sent to Capital Luoyang and made known to the Ruler of Wei