2。 There had been a hope that these could somehow be used to calculate geological time ever since people had begun to catalog the layer of particular rock outcrops。 自从人们开始对露出地面的特殊岩层进行分类开始,这些岩石就有望以某种方式被用于计算地质年代。
同义 register(v。 登记;为…编目录)
要点 托福阅读中多处出现catalog作为动词的用法,比如People did not catalog regional differences by the order of rocks。 人们没有依据岩石的层序记录地区差异。
category['k?t?g?:ri]n。 种类;范畴
例句 1。 Pluto is not included in either category for its long distance from Earth and its small size; that all make this planet's true nature a mystery。 由于冥王星距离地球太远,而且其自身尺寸较小,因此它并不属于任何一个种类,这使它的真实本质充满神秘色彩。
2。 These mon broad leaf trees which planted on campus fall into this category。 这些种植在校园里的阔叶树属于这个类别。
cease[si:s]n。/v。 结束,终止;停止
搭配 without cease 不断地,不停地
例句 Some respiratory regulating mechanisms cease functioning during sleep。 一些呼吸调控机制在睡眠期间停止工作。
要点 与cease含义相近的单词还有stop和end,但cease比较正式,而且偏重于表达停止之后不会再继续,常用来指“战争停火”。
clarify['kl?r?fai]v。 澄清,阐明
例句 What aspect of extinction episodes does the hypothesis supposedly clarify? 这个假设可能阐明灭绝事件的哪些方面?
要点 clarify与identify; explain意思相近,但clarify更偏重于“澄清某一事实”。
classify['kl?sifai]v。 分类;分等
例句 There exists lyrical descriptions of the different types of ware that assist in classifying pots。 人们对不同类型的陶器存在抒情性的描述,这有助于区分不同的罐子。
同义 categorize; sort(v。 分类)
collide[k?'laid]v。 碰撞,互撞;抵触
例句 1。 Accidents occur when tankers run into shore reefs or collide with other ships。 事故发生在油轮触礁或与其他船只相撞的时候。
2。 What happens when electrons and gas collide in space? 电子和气体在空间中撞击会发生什么?
派生 collision(n。 碰撞;抵触)
要点 collide作“冲突”讲时,与conflict意思相近,有时两者可能会被替换使用,但conflict着重指“矛盾,冲突”。
column['kɑ:l?m]n。 专栏;圆柱;列
例句 Elements of the same groups were automatically assembled in vertical columns in a periodic table of the elements; when the series of elements was written so as to begin a new horizontal row by each alkali metal。 当一系列的元素根据每行开头的碱金属被放置在同一行的时候,同族元素就会自动排列在元素周期表上垂直的一列中。
mercial[k?'m?:r?l]a。 商业的;商品化的 n。 商业广告
例句 1。 Denmark had an admirable mercial history; particularly with respect to merce through the Sound。 丹麦有着令人景仰的商业历史,尤其是那些穿越松德海峡开展的商业贸易。
2。 The sophistication of the architectural; administrative; mercial; and religious features of the old city indicates the existence of centralized planning and control。 这座古老城市的建筑、行政、商业及宗教特征的复杂性反映了其中央集权式的规划和管理。
modity[k?'mɑ:d?ti]n。 商品;日用品
例句 1。 Obsidian must have been recognized as a valuable modity for many centuries before the great city appeared。 在大城市出现前,黑曜石一定在好几个世纪都被认为是非常有价值的商品。
2。 By the 1940's her paintings had bee a very precious modity。 到20世纪40年代,她的绘画已成为非常珍贵的商品。
同义 article(n。 商品)
parison[k?m'p?risn]n。 比较,对比;比喻
例句 1。 This article mainly discussed a parison of life in different areas in the early twentieth century。 这篇文章主要探讨了20世纪初,不同地区生活的对比。
2。 In densely…wooded environments; sound is the best means of munication over distance because in parison with light; it is seldomly impeded by trees and other vegetation。 在丛林茂密的环境下,声音是最好的远距离交流方式,因为与光相比,声音很少受到树木或其他植被的阻碍。
3。 The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion in the northwestern United States pales in parison to the destruction caused by humans。 与人类引起的破坏相比,美国西北部地区火山爆发所造成的破坏便不值一提了。
要点 parison表示不同事物的对比,以突显事物间的差异,如:the parison of butterfly richness in tropical and temperate areas“热带地区和温带地区蝴蝶多样性的对比”。
pelling[k?m'peli?]a。 引起兴趣的;必须接受或同意的,强制的
例句 1。 In writing; don't limit yourself to a short story when a pelling story requires a longer one。 在写作中,较长的篇幅才能写出一个精彩的故事,因此不要把自己局限于短篇故事当中。
2。 There is no pelling reason to believe this hypothesis。 没有令人信服的理由让人相信这一假说。
要点 在托福阅读里,pelling经常出现在词义猜测题型中,与pelling词义相近的词是persuasive“有说服力的,打动人心的”。
pete[k?m'pi:t]v。 竞争;对抗
搭配 pete with 与…竞争;与…对抗
例句 1。 There was less cooperation when farmers peted with each other for trade with distant areas。 在远距离贸易中,农民在面对竞争时与他人的合作要少一些。
2。 Artists preferred not to paint natural or realistic images because it would have to pete with photographs。 艺术家们不喜欢画自然或现实性的图像,因为这样就要与照片进行竞争。
3。 When the ants are removed; the trees usually die; probably because herbivores damage them so much that they are unable to pete with surrounding vegetation for light and growing space。 当蚂蚁被清除掉的时候,树通常也会死去,因为食草动物对它们的破坏太深,导致它们无法与周围的植被争夺阳光和生长空间。
派生 petition(n。 竞争)
petitive[k?m'pet?tiv]a。 竞争的;求胜心切的;有竞争力
例句 1。 It seems likely that natural resources gave the city a petitive edge over its neighbors along with the city elite's ability to recognize their potential。 随着城市精英们意识到这些自然资源的潜能后,他们认为很有可能是自然资源给予了这个城市超越周边城市的竞争优势。
2。 It is an exceedingly petitive plant for it can survive in severe environment。 这种植物极具竞争力,可以在恶劣环境中生存。
concentration[?kɑ:nsn'trei?n]n。 浓度;专注;集中
例句 1。 Lots of research has been done in an effort to develop salt…tolerant agricultural crops because high concentrations of sodium chloride and other salts limit growth in most plants。 因为高浓度的氯化钠和其他盐分会抑制大部分植物的生长,因此很多研究都致力于提高农作物的耐盐性。
2。 Over the past forty years; new discoveries have definitely enriched the body of knowledge; and the most significant data has e from a concentration on three major questions。 在过去的40年里,新的发现无疑丰富了知识体系,而且最重要的数据来自于三个主要问题的结合。
3。 The music can help relieve depression and improve concentration。 音乐有助于缓解抑郁,提高注意力。
要点 在科普类的托福阅读文章中,经常会出现high concentration这个词组,意为“高浓度”。
concept['kɑ:nsept]n。 概念,观念;设想
例句 In the past; it was always seen as a very popular selling concept。 在过去,这往往会被看做是一种十分流行的销售理念。
派生 conception(n。 观念)
conclude[k?n'klu:d]v。(使)结束;断定,议定;推断
搭配 conclude from。。。 从…推断出;conclude。。。with。。。 以…来结束…
例句 1。 He concluded that teachers also need sufficient resources as well as the cooperation and encouragement of others to make success。 他断定老师们的成功也需要丰富的资源,以及别人的合作和鼓励。
2。 Some current analyses conclude that volcanoes and solar activity explained much observed variability in the period from the seventeenth to the early twentieth century; but that they cannot explain the rapid warming of the globe in recent decades。 目前的一些分析推断,火山爆发和太阳活动解释了在17世纪到20世纪早期所观测到的变化,却解释不了近几十年来全球快速升温的原因。
3。 Most astronomers conclude that the planets formed at essentially the same time and from the same material as the Sun; according to the nature of the solar system。 根据太阳系的性质,大多数天文学家断定行星实质上与太阳形成于同一时期,而且是由同种物质构成的。
要点 当提到某方面的专家根据试验或某些现象推出某个结论时常会用到conclude这个词,意为“推断,断定”。
conclusion[k?n'klu:?n]n。 结论;结尾;议定
例句 No conclusion should be made before everything is settled down。 在一切都没有平息之前,不应作出任何决定。
confidence['kɑ:nfid?ns]n。 信心;信任
例句 1。 We need to know the variability of climate to interpret with confidence whether recent changes are natural or the result of human activities。 我们需要了解气候的变化,以便能够确切地解释最近的气候变化究竟是自然原因还是人类活动导致的。
2。 You could observe a person when he is speaking before a group; his tone can indicate unsureness or confidence。 你可以在一个人当众说话的时候观察他;他的语气能透露他是否自信。
同义 faith; belief(n。 信心)
派生 self…confidence(n。 自信);overconfident(a。 过于自信的)
consensus[k?n'sens?s]n。 共识,一致同意;舆论
例句 1。 With the diversity of small…scale local egalitarian or quasi…egalitarian organizations; individuals could interact with one another and govern themselves by shared consensus while minimizing distinctions of wealth and power。 有了各种小规模的地方平均主义或绝对平等组织,人们可以相互影响,并通过达成一些共识来管理自己,这样便最大限度地减少了财富和权力的差别。
2。 It seems that we have reached a consensus: the modity price must be controlled by the end of this month。 看来我们已经达成了共识:必须在这个月末之前稳定物价。
conspicuous[k?n'spikju?s]a。 显眼的;明显的
例句 1。 A color or pattern that is relatively blurry may be quite conspicuous in another kind of light。 某种相对比较模糊的颜色或图案在另一种光线下可能会十分显眼。
2。 A blond girl in this school is very conspicuous。 一位金发碧眼的女孩在这所学校里是非常显眼的。
contact['kɑ:nt?kt]n。/v。 接触;互通信息
例句 1。 The meaning of various designs used to decorate Chinese ceramics had been well understood before China had contact with the West。 在中国与西方建立联系之前,各种用于装饰中国陶器的设计的含义已得到充分了解。
2。 In small groups we have better chance to initiate contact and establish a good relationship with group members。 在小组中,我们更容易和组员接触并建立良好的关系。
3。 He found a great change in the city during the period between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the city in 1832。 从1825年第一次参观这座城市到1832年最后一次来到这里,他发现在此期间这座城市发生了翻天覆地的变化。
要点 在托福阅读中会用到have contact with这个短语,表示“和…保持联系”,这个短语既可以用来指人与人之间的联系,也可以指事物间的抽象联系。
cope[koup]v。(成功地)应付,(妥善地)处理
搭配 cope with 处理,应付
例句 1。 He thought that they might use these principles to help themselves cope with problems when doing the experiment。 他认为他们可能会用这些法则来帮助处理实验中遇到的问题。
2。 Support and encouragement were necessary to cope with aspects of their professional life with which they were not fortable。 在应对职业生涯中的不如意时,支持和鼓励是必要的。
3。 As some scientists believe; dinosaurs were warm…blooded and too inpetent to cope with the environment。 就像一些科学家认为的一样,恐龙是热血动物,而且太过无能,根本无法适应环境。
courtship['k?:r?ip]n。 求爱,追求;求爱期,追求期
例句 1。 The male riflebird exploits some modes of signaling in his courtship display。 公风鸟求偶的时候会利用一些信号模式。
2。 During courtship and aggressive displays; the turkey enlarges its colored neck collar and then flings about the colored signaling apparatus。 在求偶和争斗期间,火鸡颈部彩色的羽毛会蓬起来,不停地抖动。
credible['kred?bl]a。 可信的,可靠的
例句 The researcher found children believe that the characters who advertise breakfast cereals are knowledgeable about cereals; and children accept such characters as